Warm Wishes, Burning with Desire

It's been a long time since I fed this BackWords blog, so let's make this entry count. Here at BackWords, I try to show connections between word cousins who have branched off the family tree in various directions at various times. I base my musings on ancient root words, some of which are extinct, but their word limbs and leaves are doing just fine.

Today's ancient root is gwher which means to heat or be warm. The pronunciation of the root is not as important as watching the elements of it morph. The r in the back half of the root is not going to change, or even move. But boy, that front half is hopping on a word roller-coaster. Let's go along for the ride with it.

Let's start with heat itself, how do we measure temperature? With a thermometer. The gwh picked up the th sound and adds the r sound. You carry your coffee in a Thermos and drink it to prevent hypothermia. The Greek town of Thermopylae was the site of a hot springs.

In the history of words, th sounds don't object at all to being pronounced as ph or f sounds. So we get a f-r sound to refer to hot things like furnace and we pick up hot items with forceps. Want to get down and dirty? What if I told you that fornicate finds a home in this family tree? I think we see how heat and warmth attach to the idea of human intimacy. This is a G-rated blog, don't make me spell it out for you.

As words sounds wind their way through history, it's pretty common for the p in the ph sound to just flip upside down. p becomes b. Where we just met a bunch of ph-r or f-r sounds, now we have a great big family of b-r words. 

With the exception of three historical characters, toss anything in the furnace and it gets burned. Brandy is literally "burnt wine"... and it will make you feel warm inside.

I'm especially fond of cattle brands (but I promise I have never branded a cattle). A brand makes a mark by burning flesh. (In the modern world, a corporate brand is simply the company's mark, how they are identified in the marketplace.) Before man put iron brands in the fire, he (or she) simply burned wood. Fire not only provided warmth and cooked food, but a fire also provided protection. A lonely hunter/gatherer confronted with a pack of wily coyotes would lift up a log - a firebrand - and brandish it about, hopefully dispelling the danger. Today, the cops keep on the lookout for folks brandishing a weapon - waving around a gun or knife just like our ancestors brandished burning logs.  

I've taken a recent interest in the art of sculpting. A skilled artist will create a thing of beauty from humble clay... and then the magic begins. A forge (an over-achieving furnace) (hailing from our ph/f-r root) will almost burn a particular kind of metal - bronze (hailing from our b-r root). Bronze is poured into a mold and once cooled, the bronze can be burnished until it takes on a warm glow. 

Pretty cool, I mean warm.

BackWords On Some Jewish Names

I recently came across an article about Jewish names, specifically Ashkenazic Jews living in central

and eastern Europe. The article gave the meaning of a name and why that word was used as a name for people. But the article did not actually dive into the etymology of the word.

For example, one favorite Jewish name from my 1970s teen years is "Garfunkel" which means diamond or jewel dealer. It derives from the Yiddish word gorfinkl which means ‘carbuncle’, German Karfunkel. This term denoted both a red precious or semi-precious stone, especially a garnet or ruby cut into a rounded shape (in which case it is an ornamental name), and a large inflamed growth on the skin like a large boil (in which case it is a descriptive nickname).

In essence, Garfunkel was a name given to a person based on what he sold.

Here then is the list of names. The original article provided the meanings after which ... I have added the etymology.

Ashkenazic Jewish Names with Etymologies

Names that are obvious… the root word of the name is easily observed in English.

Baker/Boker — baker

Cooperman — coppersmith

Fisher — fisherman

Glazer/Glass/Sklar — glazier

Miller — miller

Sandler/Shuster — shoemaker

Wasserman — water carrier

Schmidt — blacksmith

Goldstein — goldsmith

Silverstein — jeweler

Stein/Steiner/Stone — jeweler

Salzman — salt merchant

Tabachnik — snuff seller

Wachsman — wax dealer

Wollman — wool merchant

Zucker/Zuckerman — sugar merchant

Nadelman/Nudelman — also tailor from “needle’

Sher/Sherman — also tailor from “scissors” or “shears”

Presser/Pressman — clothing presser

Weber — weaver

Wine/Weinglass — wine merchant

Weiner — wine maker

Cantor/Kazan/Singer — cantor or song leader in shul

Rabin — rabbi (Rabinowitz—son of rabbi)

Spector — inspector or supervisor of schools

Springer — lively person, from the Yiddish springen for jump

Baer/Berman/Beerman/Berkowitz/Beronson — bear

Karp — carp

Falk — falcon

Names, their meanings, and the etymology of the meaning

Craftsmen/Workers

Ackerman — plowman … from the Middle English word acker "field". It was an occupational name for a farmer who did not own the fields (acres) he worked.

Blecher — tinsmith … from German blech "tin"

Fleisher/Fleishman — butcher … literally "flesh-man" or flesh cutter

Katzoff — butcher … no details

Metger — butcher … literally "meat-er", one who handles meat

Drucker — printer … occupational name for a printer, from German Drucker or Yiddish druker ‘printer’, derives from German drucken, Yiddish drukn ‘to print’, derived from a southern dialect variant of drücken ‘to press’.

Einstein — mason … literally one (ein) + stone (Stein), supposedly one who sets one stone at a time.
Farber — painter/dyer …   one who dyed cloth, "a dyer" from German farbe "colour".

Forman — driver/teamster … derived from Middle High German vuorman "cartwright". … one who conveyed passengers by boat across a stream; a ferryman.

Garber/Gerber—tanner … no details

Graber — engraver … derivative of Middle High German graben ‘to dig or excavate’, hence an occupational name for a digger of graves or ditches, or an engraver of seals

Kastner — cabinet maker … occupational name for a joiner or furniture maker, from South German kasten ‘box’, ‘chest’ (related to cask?), derivative of Middle High German kiste ‘(clothes) chest’

Kunstler — artist … no details

Kramer — store keeper … occupational name for a shopkeeper, peddler, or hawker, derivative of Middle High German, Middle Low German kram ‘trading post’, ‘tent’, ‘booth’. 

Nagler — nail maker … occupational name for a nail maker, from Middle High German, Middle Dutch nagel ‘nail’

Plotnick — carpenter … occupational name from Russian plotnik ‘carpenter’ (originally a maker of wattles and wooden fences, from plot ‘plaited or woven object’).

Kovalsky — blacksmith … habitational name for someone from any of various places called Kovali, named with eastern Slavic koval ‘smith’.

Shnitzer — carver … no details

Feinstein — jeweler … ornamental name composed of German fein ‘fine’ + stein ‘stone’

Spielman — player (musician?) … Dutch: occupational name for a musician, tumbler or jester, from spelen ‘to play’ + man ‘man’.

Merchants

Garfinkel/Garfunkel — diamond dealer … ornamental name or nickname from Yiddish gorfinkl ‘carbuncle’, German Karfunkel. This term denoted both a red precious or semi-precious stone, especially a garnet or ruby cut into a rounded shape (in which case it is an ornamental name), and a large inflamed growth on the skin like a large boil (in which case it is a descriptive nickname).

Holzman/Holtz/Waldman — timber dealer … occupational name for a woodcutter or someone who sold wood, from German holz ‘wood’ + Mann ‘man’.

Waldman — timber dealer … from Yiddish wald ‘forest’ + man ‘man’

Kaufman — merchant … no details

Rokeach — spice merchant … no details

Seid/Seidman—silk merchant … from Middle High German sīde, German Seide ‘silk’ (from Late Latin seta, originally denoting animal hair)

Tuchman — cloth merchant … from Middle Low German tuch ‘stuff’, ‘tack’, ‘clothes’

Wechsler — money changer … no details

Halphan — money changer … no details

Related to tailoring

Kravitz — tailor … no details

Portnoy — tailor … occupational name for a tailor from Russian portnoj (an adjective derivative of port ‘uncut cloth’)

Schneider/Snyder — tailor … occupational name for a tailor, literally ‘cutter’, from German schneiden (“to cut”)

Futterman — furrier … from Yiddish futer ‘fur’, ‘fur coat’ + Yiddish man ‘man’

Kirshner/Kushner — furrier … no details

Peltz — furrier … from Middle High German bellez, German Pelz ‘fur’, ‘(animal) skin’

Medical

Aptheker — druggist … from Greek apotheke "barn, storehouse," literally "a place where things are put away," from apo- "away" + tithenai "to put,"

Feldsher — surgeon … no details

Bader/Teller — barber … occupational name for an attendant in or owner of a public bath house, derivative of Middle High German bat ‘bath’ (Old High German bad), German Bad. In former times, such attendants undertook a variety of functions, including blood-letting, tooth-pulling, and hair-cutting

Related to liquor trade

Bronfman — distiller … from Yiddish bronf ‘alcohol’, ‘vodka’, ‘spirits’ + man ‘man’.

Brand/Brandler/Brenner — distiller … derivative of Middle High German brennen ‘to burn’, in various applications.

Braverman — brewer … form of German Bräuer, an occupational name for a brewer of beer or ale

Meltzer — brewer … occupational name for a maltster, a brewer who used malt

Kabakoff — tavern keeper … no details

Krieger — tavern keeper … one who made and sold drinking vessels; the warrior or champion; descendant of Gregorius (watchman)

Vigoda — tavern keeper … no details

Geffen — wine merchant … ornamental name from Hebrew gefen ‘vine’

Religious/Communal

Altshul/Althshuler — associated with the old synagogue in Prague … literally "old school" – alt = old, shul – school or synagogue

Feder/Federman — scribe … occupational name for a trader in feathers or in quill pens

Haver — from haver (court official) … unclear

Klausner — rabbi for small congregation … from Middle High German klōsenære, and German Klausner ‘hermit’ (from Latin clausum ‘cell’, ‘shut-away place’), hence a topographic name for someone living by a hermit’s cell or a byname for a hermit.

Klopman — calls people to morning prayers by knocking on their window shutters … onomatopoeic (referring to the sound made)

Lehrer — teacher … from Yiddish lerer ‘teacher’

Malamud/Malmud — teacher … unclear

London — scholar, from the Hebrew lamden (misunderstood by immigration inspectors)

Reznick — ritual slaughterer … Czech and Slovak: occupational name for a butcher

Richter — judge … occupational name or status name for an arbiter or judge, Middle High German rihtære (from rihten ‘to make right’)

Sandek — godfather … no details

Schechter/Schachter/Shuchter etc. — ritual slaughterer … derivative of shekhtn, of which the stem is from Hebrew shachat ‘to slaughter’

Shofer/Sofer/Schaeffer — scribe … derivative of German Schaf, Middle High German schāf ‘sheep’ (probably derives to the making of parchment to write on)

Shulman/Skolnick — sexton … from Polish szkolnik, Belorussian shkolnik ‘sexton in a synagogue’

Spivack — cantor or song leader in shul … from Ukrainian spivak ‘singer’

PERSONAL TRAITS

Alter/Alterman — old … alt = old

Dreyfus—three legged, perhaps referring to someone who walked with a cane … Jewish (western Ashkenazic): habitational name from Trevis, an old name of the city of Trier on the Mosel, known in French as Trèves; both the French and German names come from Latin Augusta Treverorum ‘city of Augustus among the Treveri’, a Celtic tribal name of uncertain origin. The form of the surname has been altered from Trevis by association with modern German Dreifuss ‘tripod’.

Erlich — honest … from Yiddish erlekh ‘honest’, ‘virtuous’

Frum — devout … from German fromm ‘devout’, ‘pious’

Gottleib — God lover, perhaps referring to someone very devout

Geller/Gelber — yellow, perhaps referring to someone with blond hair … from Middle High German gel = yellow

Gross/Grossman — big … from Late Latin grossus "thick, coarse (of food or mind)

Gruber — coarse or vulgar … nickname from an inflected form of Yiddish dialect grub ‘rude, impolite’

Feifer/Pfeifer — whistler … derivative of Middle High German pfif(e), German Pfeife ‘whistle’, ‘pipe’, hence an occupational name for a pipe player

Fried/Friedman—happy … from Yiddish frid ‘peace’

Hoch/Hochman — tall … meaning high

Langer/Langerman — tall … meaning long

Klein/Kleinman — small … no details

Koenig — king, perhaps someone who was chosen as a “Purim King,” in reality a poor wretch … no details

Krauss — curly, as in curly hair … no details

Kurtz/Kurtzman — short … from Latin curtus "(cut) short, shortened, incomplete," 

Reich/Reichman — rich … from ancient root reg- "move in a straight line," hence, "direct, rule", also related to Latin rex (king)

Reisser — giant … no details

Roth/Rothman — red head … from Middle High German rot meaning "red"

Roth/Rothbard — red beard … from Middle High German rot meaning "red"

Shein/Schoen/Schoenman — pretty, handsome … carries the connotation of being blessed, literally mean "dweller in a bright spot"

Schwartz/Shwartzman/Charney — black hair or dark complexion … no details

Scharf/Scharfman — sharp, i.e  intelligent … from ancient root (s)ker- "to cut"

Stark — strong … from ancient root *ster- "stiff, rigid" i.e. not easily bent or moved

In

Just the Fax, Ma’am

We’re going on a wild one today.  Buckle up!   The P.I.E. Root dhe- carries a meaning of to set or put.  Let’s start with a modern word that is pretty straightforward – do.  When you do something, you take action to set or put.  Think of a “hair do” or getting your hair “done” – the stylist sets it or puts the hair in a certain way.  It appears that abdomen belongs in this group – it is a thing that is put or set inside the body.  Another clearly related word is deem.  When deem a matter concluded you put or set judgment on it.  Closely related is doom, when a person or thing’s fate is set.  Another word fits in here – condiment.  “Com” means together. The “di” in condiment is our root dhe-.  A condiment is something you put together with the main thing you are eating – such as putting mustard together with on a hot dog.

The rest of our words today are going to do a little “sliding sideways”.  If you’ve read my prior SS posts, you’ve discovered how letter sounds can shape shift occasionally – a dh sound (where the h is often silent) becomes a ph/f sound.  (And see this post where we saw bhel- become phel-) If something is said to be a fact, it is set, like “set in stone”.  A factory is a place that puts things together.  Not surprisingly, the idea “to make” is one the most common ideas in language.  A benefactor [bene (good) + factor (make)] is someone who makes (or gives) something good to someone else.  A malefactor [mal- (bad)] is one who makes bad for others.  A facsimile [simile (same)] machine sends the same image somewhere else.  An artifact [art (skill)] is something made, usually implying made long ago.

This idea of make goes much, much further.  Suffixes like –fice, -fect, and –fy tip us off to make words.  If something suffices, it makes (-fice) up to (sub) expectations.  Watching  “The Opfice” sounds funny, so we change the p to another f and watch people  working (making) together [op (work) + fice (make)].  An effect [ex (out of)] is a result that is made out of something else – think sound effect.  Perfect [per (completely or thoroughly)] means to set or put something all the way, lacking nothing, and reaching the intended effect.  Affection [af (a variant of ad-, to)] suggests making toward someone else (uh, sorta like “making out”… sorta).  Oddly enough, a confection is the same word formula as condiment (together + make), but has a much sweeter meaning.  When you satistfy [satis (enough) + fy (do)] you do or make enough to meet the expectations of others.  When you amplify [ample (large)] you make something louder / bigger / larger.  When you do something stupid and you try to justify yourself, you are trying to show how your action was just or right.  Many other words such as feasible, feasance / malfeasance, notify (make notice), manufacture (make with hands - like manual labor), orifice (make an opening - like oral), qualify (make an amount), and rectify (make right) all point back to the idea of “make”. 

A faction is a gang made out of a larger group.  Fashion means to make something and has come to refer to clothing (and more) that has been fashioned.  A face reveals the form of something – facet, façade, facial, deface, and surface all carry this sense.  A faculty is a group of people who facilitate learning experiences – hopefully their classes are not to difficult [dif (from dis meaning away or negative) + fic (from fac… make)]. 

Now, did you ever mistake hearing a d for t*?  That’s another way letters in words can slide sideways.  Let’s roll all the way back to our root dhe- and make it the- as in theme or hypothesis where you make or put forward an idea.  Do you remember ever hearing the wonderful word apothecary.  Literally, apothecary means "put away" [apo (away, as in apostasy) + the- (put)].  In Latin, an apothecary is any shopkeeper (who puts away the wares in their stores – “store” itself meaning a place of holding / keeping), but especially those who deal with herbs and other medicinals.  The apothecary didn’t put away his medicines because they were dangerous, but because they were perishable and needed to be stored carefully.  The t/d sound in boutique and bodega (also meaning store) come directly to us from this ancient root for set or put.

*As if anyone cares, d and t are very similar phonetically.  D is voiced alveolar plosive.  T is a voiceless alveolar plosive.  Don't worry, I'm not going to start a blog on phonic sounds and relationships, but their similar sounds explains why bodega and boutique look quite different but sound similar and mean very similar things.

Snowbound and Thinking of Blooms

As I write, the Heartland of all America is buried under about 15” of globally warm snow.  Three major storms in the last month have layered up quite nicely on the World’s Breadbasket.  Although “certain people” love snow, many are looking forward to the Spring when blooming flowers signal a new and welcome season.  Although Winter is essential for the life cycle of all living things, we perceive Spring as a time when life thrives again.

The idea of a thriving life anchors the IE Root bhel-2 meaning to bloom.  (Before we go further, be sure you have read two prior posts – one has to do with how these roots wind up with different consonant sounds, the other is a closely related root bhel-1 meaning to swell, not far off the idea of blooming.)  Like a ball swells when it is inflated, a flower swells when it blooms.  As in other cases, the b in bhel-2 can occasionally flip upside down making a p for a ph_l sound.  A blooming flower is one of the best indicators that a plant, and an environment, is thriving.  Floral and florist are clearly in the same word family.  Healthy foliage is also an indicator of thriving.    One of my favorite plants is the five-leafed Virginia Creeper vine, or as it is fantastically known technically – parthenocissus quinquefolia.  Quinquefolia = quinque (five) + folia (foliage / leaves).  (Although words sometime flip consonant positions, leaf is not related to folia.)  Think of that roll of aluminum foil in your kitchen.  It’s metal, but the foil is as thin and flexible as a leaf.  (In fact, “gold leaf” is foil that is very, very thin for applying as a decorative outer layer of an object.)  A folio is a sheet of paper folded once to make two leaves.  A portfolio is a folio that is portable.

In the bhel-1 post we discover what the word phallus meant; now, bhel-2 gives us the sounds-familiar name Phyllis (altogether different meaning, foliage).
Interestingly, the words blood and bleed also seem to be related here.  Etymologists suppose that, at a cut, blood “blooms” out.  It could also be related to the idea that blood is associated with a thriving life.  Bless is related, originally meaning to mark with blood, to consecrate.  


Let’s wrap up with blade.  We don’t call grass foliage “blades” because they look like little knives, but because knives look like blades of grass foliage.  (Confused?  Just think about which came first - grass or knives.)  In fact, one particular blade of foliage is quite famous.  Those powerful, fierce gladiators carry a short sword with strong, sharp blades. In Latin, the sword is called a gladius… because it looks like a blade of foliage, most similarly resembling a gladiola plant.  Isn’t that cute; rough, tough gladiators are really just florists at heart.

The following is purely for my own amusement - as if the rest of this is not!  A thousand years ago, my college Latin professor, Dr. Anthony D'Amico, enjoyed telling the following story about a colleague - Dr. Foley.  Foley happened to be just a tad hefty and suffered name calling because of it - Roly-Poly Foley.  Like D'Amico, Foley was always studying one topic or another and preparing folios on various topics - Roly-Poly Foley Folios.  Once, he became fascinated with butter-substitutes and prepared a paper on the topic - Roly-Poly Foley Oleo Folio.  Alas, even in academia, opposing voices rise to be heard and Foley was challenged on some assertions made in paper (perhaps that margarine is non-fattening).  Foley countered with defensive argument and so the argument grew - Roly-Poly Foley Oleo Folio Embroglio.  Thus ended the tale, perhaps, I surmise because D'Amico couldn't append more rhyming words.  Or because he decided to move on to childish puns about entomologists. 

A World Map for Word Nerds

Interesting way to look at the world - by what the nation names mean.  (Click on the map to jump to it on the web and take a closer look.) Political map for comparison.

There is some dispute over how accurate the place names are.  One of the problems with this kind of effort is how far back to go in determining the meaning.  For example, "United States of Amerigo"... yes, the name derives from a prominent Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci.  But, let's note the meaning of Amerigo (in German: Emmerich) is a compound word: work + rich, powerful, ruler.  United States of Rich & Powerful Rulers by virtue of our Work.  Let's hear our American president brag about that on his next apology tour!

We Gather Together

During a prior phase of my life I was considered gregarious – I loved a crowd and wanted to be in the middle of it.  These days, I’m virtually agoraphobic – I don’t like crowds and I’m most comfortable when I’m alone or with just a few people.  In fact, about the largest group of people I’m usually around is my church, SouthWoods, which is pastored by a great guy and my friend, Greg.

Oops, it appears I did it again (again).  Gregarious, agoraphobic, and even Greg all flow out of a IE Root ger-1 meaning “to gather”.  (I believe the gr in group comes from this root.)  One of the first words I learned in Latin was grex – a herd of sheep.  Gregory (sounds oddly like gregarious) means “watcher”… of the grex – a shepherd.

I just finished a funny little book on the first chili cook off in Terlingua, Texas (H. Allen Smith’s The Great Chili Confrontation).  Smith is a great writer, duh!, and uses some seldom-seen words.  One in particular caught my eye – panegyric.  I’ve seen it before, but want to make sure I understood it’s meaning clearly.  You would call the long speech introducing a political candidate a panegyric.  It is a eulogy (a good word) or praise of a person made publicly – in front of a group of people, a crowd, a herd of people.  So when I called Greg “a great guy” in a public internet post, that was a panegyric – and I meant it!

Boldly Going Bawdy, Super Bawdy!

I'm going to keep this legit, but this post deals with some big boy topics which could cause some tittering among the children.  So if you feel the tittering, go ahead and get yourself on over to something more your speed.

Indo-Europeans had an surprising fascination, and thus many words, with two categories of things: a) things that shine, and b) things that appear blown up, like your cheeks when you are blowing out birthday candles.  The root word bhel-2 carries the meaning “to blow, swell; referring to various round objects"  The word also has a more intimate meaning, "the notion of tumescent masculinity”.  "Tumescent masculinity"... do I need to break that down for you?

First things first.  From bhel-2 we get such familiar words as bowl meaning just that, a pot or bowl.  Bulk refers to cargo, literally a “rolled up load”.  Closely related is bale – rolled up bundle.  And again, boulder, a rounded stone continues with the physical imagery.

Both ball and balloon resemble a blown up, inflated object - like your cheeks.  You know that piece of paper you mark on to vote, the ballot?  The ballot derives it's name from an ancient form of voting - dropping small balls in one container or the other to signal your preference.  If you've ever been out to the farm and seen a full-grown bull in all his glory you'd agree the shape is full and rounded.  Of course, there's another indication you're looking at a bull, right?  I mean, that's not an udder under there.  A seldom used term, bullock, refers to castrated male bovine... which now has nothing hanging around... down there.

As I have mentioned elsewhere, sometimes the b in bhel-2 can flip vertically when it goes traveling and we wind up with a root something like phel from which we get folly and fool puffed up, but still empty inside.  Turn that b back up and you'll recognize bellows has the same meaning.

Leaving the seat down... I mean leave the p down and we have the root for phallus.  And phallus is not just a reference to the male apparatus, it specifically refers to swollen, erect penis - which is the difference between Michelangelo's David sculpture being phallic or not.  Ironically sounding like bullock, bollix is how the Brits refer to testicles, and no surprise that they're referred to as balls.  That metaphor is technically appropriate and not really a bawdy term.  Speaking of bawdy speaking, that term derives from comments about phalluses, balls, and other matters best left “private”.  Let's get this out there as well... if someone acts bold, what do we say?  Yup, they've "got a lot of balls".

As it often happens, we're kind of back where we started.  I love the college football bowl season and a month after that concludes we finally get the Super Bowl (yeah, I used the term without permission - come and get me Goodell).  We refer to these significant sporting events as "bowls" because that is simply the shape the facility in which they play - the football stadium is bowl-shaped.  Originally, end-of-season games were played in famous structures - the Cotton Bowl, the Rose Bowl - and so the game itself came to be called by the structure in which it was played*.  (Wouldn't it sound odd, now, if we looked forward to the Cotton Arena and the Rose Stadium.  Same thing really.) Isn't it ironic that our modern day bowls are filled with young bulls in their prime - all swollen and bold.  At one point in the tormented history of sport, it is rumored that athletes would shoot themselves up with the stuff their balls were supposed to make naturally.  You know, to ensure that they earned a ticket to the big bowl, the Super Bowl (oops, I did it again).
[Thanks to Mike Pearce for the extraordinarily great bowl mashup.]